Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology
The Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (MJSAT), e-ISSN: 2785-8901 is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes high-quality research papers in various fields of science and technology. The journal is dedicated to promoting the advancement of science and technology in Malaysia, the region, and globally by providing a platform for researchers to share their latest findings and developments. The journal welcomes submissions from all areas of science and technology, including but not limited to engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. The journal is committed to promoting high-quality research and providing a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and practitioners in the field. The journal is also committed to fostering collaboration and networking among researchers from different fields and promoting the exchange of ideas and knowledge. The journal is peer-reviewed and publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications. The journal also features special issues and sections on specific topics of interest. The editorial board is composed of experts from various fields, ensuring that the journal maintains a high standard of quality. The journal also encourages submissions from early career researchers and graduate students, providing them with the opportunity to showcase their work and gain visibility in the scientific community. Editor-in-Chief: Mohammed Reyasudin Basir Khan, Ph.D., CEng, EUR ING, PEng, PTech
Effect of Pretreatment on the Profiling of Cassava Peels by Morphological and Chemical Characterization
Cassava is mainly grown for its root, whereas the peels are mostly considered a byproduct. Cassava peels, a byproduct of cassava processing, have gained significant attention in recent years as a potential feedstock and other bioproduct. This study investigated the impact of pretreatment on the lignocellulose content, functional groups, morphological characteristics (SEM), chemical composition (XRF), and crystalline phases (XRD) of dried and autoclaved cassava peels. The Chemical analysis showed cellulose content increased from 42.80% to 45.51%, hemicellulose decreased from 25.33% to 19.66%, and lignin content decreased from 15.33% to 10.33% after autoclaving. The autoclaved cassava peels µXRF results also revealed the presence of high iron (Fe) and potassium, as well as traces of manganese at 0.52%, and an amorphous and semi-crystalline structure. Although the SEM images showed no morphological difference between the dried and autoclaved cassava peels. The Brunauer Emmette Teller (BET) analysis indicated a higher surface area of 2.713 m²/g for autoclaved cassava compared to 2.097 m²/g for dried cassava peels. Thermal pretreatment via the autoclave method improved the structural properties and increased the degradable cellulose content of cassava peels. Thus, the cassava peels can be biotechnologically converted into value-added products to maximize effective utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Ibrahim Jumare, Madihah Md. Salleh, Nurashikin Ihsan, Huszalina Hussin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Applications of the Chaos Approach on Transportation Systems – A Review
Chaos theory offers a robust analytical lens for interpreting the nonlinear and dynamic nature of transportation systems, particularly in relation to congestion management and incident propagation. This review consolidates global applications of chaos theory in traffic studies by examining its integration with classical mathematical models, machine learning techniques, and sensitivity analyses of complex traffic datasets. The methodology synthesizes findings from studies conducted in the United States, Slovenia, Germany, Iran, and China. For example, several studies reported prediction accuracy improvements of up to 15–25% when Lyapunov exponent-based features were combined with machine learning models. Chaos-based simulations also demonstrated a 30% reduction in noise sensitivity compared to conventional approaches, with observed Lyapunov exponents typically ranging from 0.1 to 0.5, indicating pronounced chaotic behaviour in short-term traffic dynamics. Despite these promising outcomes, practical challenges persist, particularly in embedding chaos-based models into real-time Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), due to noise interference and infrastructure constraints. The novelty of this paper lies in bridging theoretical foundations with empirical case studies to propose a conceptual framework for integrating chaos theory into real-time traffic forecasting systems, thereby offering actionable insights for adaptive, data-driven urban mobility management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yessy Yusnita, Nur Hamiza Adenan, Angelalia Roza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Strategies in the Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Integrating SGLT2 Inhibitors, Lifestyle Interventions, and Multidisciplinary Care
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by heart failure symptoms despite a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, representing about 50% of all heart failure cases. Its increasing prevalence, driven by an aging population and comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, poses significant challenges due to frequent hospitalizations, impaired quality of life, and high mortality rates. The pathophysiology of HFpEF is multifactorial, involving systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and increased ventricular stiffness, indicating a systemic syndrome requiring a multidisciplinary treatment approach. While current guidelines emphasize symptom relief, comorbidity management, and lifestyle changes, the emergence of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors has revolutionized HFpEF management. Large randomized controlled trials like EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER have demonstrated their ability to significantly reduce heart failure hospitalizations and improve quality of life. Additionally, structured exercise training, dietary modifications, and behavioral support have shown benefits in enhancing functional capacity and overall well-being. Multidisciplinary care models involving collaboration among various healthcare professionals have the potential to optimize patient-centered care and improve outcomes. However, challenges persist, including the heterogeneity of HFpEF phenotypes, underrepresentation of high-risk populations in trials, and inconsistent implementation of lifestyle and multidisciplinary interventions. Future directions should focus on personalized treatment strategies guided by deep phenotyping and biomarkers, equitable access to care, and the integration of pharmacological therapies with scalable lifestyle interventions and technology-enabled monitoring systems. Addressing these issues will be crucial in alleviating the global burden of HFpEF and improving patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Shoukat, Mehvish Ambreen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Environmental Sanitation Practices in Slum Area: The Makoko Experience
The study assessed environmental sanitation practices in Makoko, Lagos Nigeria. Using multistage sampling techniques, four (4) communities were randomly selected with two (2) along waterways and two (2) off waterways in the study area. Questionnaires were administered on 121 residents in the study area comprising of 60 and 61 respondents sampled in communities along waterway and off waterway respectively. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Based on the findings, the study revealed a significant difference in the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents residing in both communities along waterway and off waterway within Makoko. Also, there is inadequate environmental sanitation facilities in off water ways communities with 67.8% indicating that whereas there is an improvement along water ways communities. Majority (40.4%) of the residents make use of illegal dumpsite as their means of waste disposal due to the fact that they lack access to government’s owned waste disposal method. In all, environmental sanitation practices are at low ebb especially in off water ways communities. The study therefore recommended that government should provide adequate environmental sanitation facilities especially water supply and waste disposal. This is because availability to environmental sanitation facilities which will enhance environmental sanitation practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Mobolaji, Peter Oyelere, Oluwole Daramola, Ololade Ojo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AgriCool: A Smart and Affordable Cold Storage Controller for Agricultural Use
Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables at the farmers level is a big concern. With the rising demand for fresh produce, effective cold storage is crucial to minimize post-harvest losses, maintain product quality, and ensure a better return. AgriCool, an affordable IoT-based cold storage controller is designed to address the challenges faced by the farmers in Bangladesh. AgriCool integrates IoT-enabled sensors with a standard split air conditioner (AC) to monitor and control temperature, humidity, in real-time, accessible via a mobile application (Android application). The system leverages a Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller, digital temperature sensors, and a relay-driven heater mechanism to maintain optimal storage conditions while preventing ice accumulation on AC fins. AgriCool’s simple design with flawless algorithm, enhanced with display and android application ensures easy operation and consistent temperature control. Field testing of the system in Bangladesh revealed that AgriCool can sustain stable temperatures ranging from -2 to +15oC, improving the shelf-life of perishable goods. At an estimated cost of USD 290, this affordable cold room controller system could offer substantial benefits for farmers, providing reliable cold storage and flexibility to store fruits and vegetables for better market conditions and thus preventing post-harvest loss and ensuring food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Surajit Sarkar, Joy Biswas, Sahabuddin Ahamed, Chayan Kumer Saha, Md. Monjurul Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Recent Advances in SILAR-deposited Metal Sulfide Films
Many researchers have reported physical, and chemical deposited thin films. Nevertheless, the deposition methods had a strong effect on the properties of the produced films. SILAR method has been used to produce different thin films for various studies over the years. Alternative deposition methods have attracted extensive attention while this approach has several advantages. Seemingly, high area deposition could succeed at low temperatures, with standard inexpensive equipment, without the requirement of a vacuum chamber and some unique films properties could be controlled. The SILAR process usually includes four stages; adsorption, a wash, reaction and second wash were performed to rinse off unreacted species. SILAR method was used to deposit a thin film of metal sulfides on substrates in this study. The primary outcomes are the characterization of the films and their application after finishing. It was observed that the number of deposition cycles, rinsing time, immersion duration and precursor concentration affected the crystallinity, grain size, film thicknesses and surface morphologies of the deposited films. Furthermore, the results confirmed these films for solar cells, sensors and supercapacitors applications. The power conversion efficiency also improved of Cu2SnS3 about 0.11% and copper zinc tin sulfide were found to be 0.396%, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ho Soonmin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of a Modular Solar-Powered Cooling System Integrated with a DC-Remote Monitoring and Control System for Fruits and Vegetables Storage
This study examines the applicability of solar energy for cooling in the tropical climate and focuses on the performance assessment of a modular solar-powered cooling system (MSPCS), integrated with a DC-Remote monitoring and control (RMC) system, installed on a 10 m³ cooling chamber for the storage of fruits and vegetables. The RMC capability to stabilise the MSPCS operation was assessed through real-time monitoring and control of system parameters, including temperature and relative humidity, water chiller temperature, and DC voltage utilisation by the components. This was achieved by connecting sensors for monitoring via an internet-enabled data box linked to a PC dashboard. The system cooling performance was assessed by measuring chamber temperature, humidity, voltage consumption and weight loss of the stored produce. The results demonstrated effective tracking/control of the system parameters and enhanced activation of components to stabilize the operation of the entire cooling system at temperature of (8.40 ±0.455a °C), relative humidity of (88.91 ±1.571 %) inside the cooling chamber, the water chiller temperature at (2.75 ±1.25 °C) and system voltage (25.61±0.033 V) at no-load and loading conditions. The integration of the DC-RMC system significantly enhanced both the cooling chamber's thermal performance and the overall voltage efficiency of the system, resulting in 20% physiological weight loss and a delay in ripening by 10 days for stored tomatoes in the solar cold room as against 75 % and 7 days, respectively from the ambient over 14 days. of storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adebayo Adebiyi, Musiliu Sunmonu, Michael Odewole, Michael Omodara, Engineer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Charge Acceptance of Lead Acid Battery Using Graphene-Infused Grid
This paper presents a solution to improve the charge acceptance rate, enhancing life cycle and improving efficiency of lead acid battery by making lead Graphene composite for positive grid. This study introduced varying amounts of Graphene by powder metallurgy techniques into lead using powder metallurgy techniques, with lead serving as the as the grid material. An allotropic form of carbon, Graphene possesses superconductive qualities and primarily prevents corrosion and lowers the resistance between sulphuric acid and spongy lead. It does not take part in the process. This study follows an experimental approach to achieve the aim of improvement in the lead acid battery. A series of composites specimens were fabricated in different composition. A series of tests performed, include Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Microstructure, Electrical Resistivity, Electrical Conductivity, Charge Potential, Impedance Spectroscopy, Corrosion, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results revealed that the sample with 1.5% graphene exhibited optimal performance. Compared to pure lead grids, electrical conductivity improved by 13.3%, and electrical resistance decreased significantly. Corrosion analysis showed a notable reduction in corrosion rate, particularly in the 1.5% graphene sample, due to uniform granular bonding observed in SEM images. CV curves of this sample also demonstrated enhanced redox behaviour and current density, indicating better charge retention. This study analyses the results and compares those results with the spongy lead results which are being used in normal lead acid batteries as positive grid. In this study, it is noted that notable improvements in the lead acid battery were achieved by using the lead Graphene composite.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shoukat Ali Noonari, Sagheer Ahmed lund, Maria Panhwar, Tanweer Hussain Phulpoto, Amna Hafeez Rajput, Aftab Ahmed Khuhro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Exponentiated Generalized Reduced Kies Distribution with Properties and Applications on Burr Measurement Datasets
This study introduces and examines a new three-parameter generalized extension of the Reduced Kies distribution, termed the Exponentiated Generalized Reduced Kies Distribution (EGRKiD). Various statistical and mathematical properties of the proposed model are derived, including its quantile function, median, order statistics, skewness, and kurtosis. In addition, key reliability characteristics such as the survival and hazard rate functions are explored. Parameter estimation is performed using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and maximum product spacing (MPS), with simulations showing that MLE consistently outperforms MPS, exhibiting up to 40% lower bias and 35% lower mean squared error particularly for samples less than 100. Lastly, the applicability and flexibility of the new distribution are demonstrated through its application to two real burr measurement datasets, where it outperforms eight established unit-bounded distributions. The results show that the EGRKiD provides a superior fit, reducing the AIC by 12-18% and the BIC by 10-15% compared to the next best model. Several goodness-of-fit tests further confirm its advantage, with the EGRKiD yielding KS statistics 50-60% smaller and p-values 3-5 times higher than competing models. These findings highlight the EGRKiD’s flexibility and robustness, making it a valuable tool for applications in engineering and other related fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ehinomen Emmanuel Ehizojie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Designing an Off-Grid System Using Solar Panels and Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) for Renewable Energy Applications
The limited availability of stable electricity in remote regions underscores the necessity for resilient alternative energy systems. This study evaluates the efficiency and performance of a hybrid off-grid system integrating a solar photovoltaic panel with six thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Over a five-day experimental period, voltage, current, and power outputs were measured under load conditions ranging from 10 W to 50 W. The results indicate that a 12 V 8 Ah (96 Wh) battery maintains a 10 W load for approximately 9.6 hours. The hybrid configuration generated a total output of 19–21 V and 120–130 W, with the solar panel contributing 70% and the TEGs providing 30% of the total power. The system demonstrated voltage stability and a complementary operational synergy, ensuring a continuous energy supply during periods of low solar irradiance. These findings validate the solar–TEG hybrid system as a reliable and efficient renewable energy solution for off-grid applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizqi Maulana Ibrahim, Feri Hasan, Nur Hidayahtulloh, Muhamad Riyad Ariwibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Different Number of Coating for Anode Functional Layer on the Performance of Proton Ceramic Fuel Cell
The effect of different numbers of anode functional layers (AFL) on the performance of an anode-supported proton ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) was investigated. Button cells of NiO-BCZY (50:50) | BCZY | LSCF (BCZY = BaCe₀.₅₄Zr₀.₃₆Y₀.₁O₂.₉₅) were fabricated with 3, 6, and 9 layers of AFL consisting of NiO-BCZY (10:90). Microstructural images clearly show that the button cell with 3 AFL layers exhibits better contact between the anode and electrolyte layers. Both the polarization resistance (RP) and ohmic resistance (Ro) of cell A (3 layers) were lower than those of cell B (6 layers) and cell C (9 layers). At 800°C, the RP decreased from 79.6 Ωcm² for cell C (9 layers) to 19.3 Ωcm² for cell A (3 layers). Similarly, the RP for cell B (6 layers) decreased from 11.2 Ωcm² to 9.2 Ωcm² for cell A. These results suggest that increasing the number of AFLs may reduce cell performance by hindering hydrogen ion diffusion, as the ions must travel a longer pathway, leading to higher polarization resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 L. A Malik , A. A. Samat, N. Osman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of Non Parametric and Semi-Parametric Models on Survival Time of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Case Study of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
This study examines the survival times of cardiovascular patients using Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves and the Cox Proportional Hazards model. Analysis of data from Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, revealed shorter survival times among male patients and those consuming alcohol or smoking. KM curves and Log-rank tests identified significant risk factors such as high blood pressure and irregular pulse rates. Cox model hazard ratios highlighted alcohol consumption as the highest risk factor. These findings demonstrate the utility of non-parametric and semi-parametric models in identifying survival determinants among cardiovascular patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Enoch Yabkwa Yanshak, Aliyu Yakubu, Kolawole Daramola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preliminary Investigation of Unsaturated Polyester/Jute Fibre (UPE/JT) Composites: Effects of Fabrication Methods and Fibre Orientations
This study focuses on the development of unsaturated polyester (UPE)/ jute fibre (JT) composites using two fabrication methods such as vacuum resin infusion and compression moulding. The effects of different JT fibre orientations (randomly oriented, 0°, and 90°) on UPE composite properties were investigated. The results indicate that UPE/JT composites fabricated via vacuum resin infusion exhibit higher tensile strength, elongation, and Young’s modulus compared to those produced by compression moulding. In terms of fibre orientation, 0° oriented UPE/JT composites produced via vacuum resin infusion showed the highest tensile strength (92.4 MPa), elongation at break (12.3%), and Young’s modulus (3654 MPa) when compared to both randomly oriented and 90° oriented composites, as well as all specimens fabricated through compression moulding. This improvement is attributed to better fibre impregnation achieved through vacuum resin infusion and the load bearing capacity of 0° oriented JT fibres, which effectively transfer stress between the fibre and matrix, enabling joint load-bearing by JT fibre and UPE matrix during the tensile test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kishore Rao A/L Bapu Naidu , Ming Yeng Chan, Seong Chun Koay, Shuh Huey Ho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantum Support Vector Machines for Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Multimodal Brain Imaging
The prompt detection of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Parkinson's Disease (PD) is essential yet difficult. This research proposes a hybrid quantum-classical machine learning methodology to categorize NDD using multimodal brain imaging data.ADNI and PPMI datasets' MRI, PET, and fMRI images were preprocessing by Python-based tools such as Scikit-image, SimpleITK, and FreeSurfer via Nipype. Major steps were denoising, registration, normalization, segmentation, and extraction of features from structural and functional imaging. Training was done with a Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) using Qiskit's ZZFeatureMap and QuantumKernel and compared with a conventional SVM. Performance measures-precision, recall, F1-score, class accuracy, AUC, and 10-fold cross-validation-were calculated. QSVM performed better than the standard SVM on all metrics, with 91.25% overall accuracy and macro F1-score of 0.913 as opposed to 87.75% and 0.879 for the SVM. The results validate QSVM's advantage in handling complex, high-dimensional neuroimaging data and its relevance to aiding clinical diagnosis. Keywords: Quantum Machine Learning, Neuroimaging, QSVM, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Multimodal Classification
Copyright (c) 2025 Akinyemi Omololu Akinrotimi, Joseph Bamidele Awotunde, Israel Oluwabusayo Omotosho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Study of Nanoporous Hydroxyapatite Doped with Euphorbia tirucalli L. Extract
This study investigates the characterization, and biomedical potential of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (E.tirucalli L.) extract, focusing on its bioactive compounds, antibacterial properties, and incorporation into hydroxyapatite (HA) for biomedical applications. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed gallic acid as the predominant phenolic compound in the extract (557.9 ± 8.3 mg/g). Antibacterial testing revealed that DHA 25% exhibited the highest inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (7.07 ± 0.41 cm²) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (3.14 ± 0.51 cm²), indicating enhanced antibacterial activity at higher doping concentrations. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that DHA 25% promoted cell proliferation (120.0 ± 5.3% on day 7), confirming its biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that E.tirucalli L. doping affected HA crystallinity, potentially improving bioresorption and osteoconductivity. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful incorporation of E.tirucalli L. into HA, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) showed increased agglomeration and reduced porosity at higher doping concentrations. The integration of E. tirucalli L. extract into HA introduces natural bioactive compounds, such as gallic acid, that enhance antibacterial, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties beyond conventional inorganic doping approaches. In conclusion, E. tirucalli L.-doped hydroxyapatite demonstrates great potential for applications in bone regeneration and implant technology due to its enhanced antibacterial and biocompatible properties, with the possibility of future exploration for controlled drug release applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mangalagowri Sangar, Nur Farahiyah Mohammad, Nashrul Fazli Mohd Nasir, Khairul Farihan Kasim, Siti Shuhadah Md Saleh, Farah Diana Mohd Daud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comparison of Feasible Energy-Saving Retrofit Alternatives for Office Buildings in Urban Cities
The major portion of the world population lives in cities and consumes around 73% of world total energy. Due to rapid rise in population, improved standard of living, urbanization and major time spend indoor, the energy consumption in buildings has skyrocketed during the past few decades. The primary portion of building's energy consumption is utilized by HVAC system. Energy crisis is worsening day by day, especially in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan. In this research work, a SketchUp model of a single zone building is created, and it is subsequently loaded into the Energy plus program to simulate the model and ascertain the trends in energy use for the chosen cities in various scenarios for five major cities of Pakistan. Without insulation the zone temperature can reach upto 45.2 °C, 49.9 °C, 48.6 °C, 46 °C and 41.7 °C for Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Islamabad and Quetta respectively which is reduced by 22 – 28 % by applying insulation. For Peshawar, Karachi, Quetta and Islamabad highest energy consumption was reported in the month of July, May, July and June respectively. The energy saving is increased by 5 – 26 % by replacing conventional air conditioner with VRF AC without insulation and by 32 – 70 % by applying insulation with VRF AC as compared to VRF AC without insulation. The payback period ranges between 28 – 60, 19 – 42, 16 – 35, 18 – 39 and 21 – 45 months for Quetta, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Islamabad respectively. The longest PBP of 92 months is reported for Quetta at 5% tariff and 60% investment cost increase with VRF air conditioner, while the lowest PBP of 16 months is recorded for Lahore at 15% tariff and 20% investment cost increase with combined installation of insulation and VRF air conditioner.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamza Shaikh, Rizwan Ahmed Memon, Shoukat Ali Noonari, Asad Shaikh, Abdul Hameed`` Soomro, Ali Murad Jokhio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Assessment of Flexible Pavement Damage Conditions on Urban Roads in Indonesia
Road infrastructure plays a vital role in supporting social and economic activities. However, deterioration and damage to urban roads remain a persistent issue in Indonesia, including in West Java Province. In Cirebon City, the Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo road segment serves as a key arterial route, facilitating the mobility of people and goods. Due to its high traffic volume and strategic importance, maintaining this road section is crucial for urban functionality and development. This study aims to establish a systematic and objective priority scale for urban road maintenance by integrating the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Surface Distress Index (SDI), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. While PCI and SDI are used to assess the technical condition of the pavement, AHP allows for decision-making based on multiple criteria, including traffic volume and land use. The combination of these three methods provides a more comprehensive and balanced framework for prioritizing repair efforts, aligning technical evaluations with functional and strategic considerations. The analysis revealed varying levels of pavement damage across the study area. Based on the AHP results, the STA 2+300 to 2+400 road segment was identified as the highest priority for intervention due to its critical condition and functional importance. This integrated approach ensures that limited resources can be allocated more effectively to road sections requiring immediate attention, supporting sustainable and data-driven infrastructure management in urban environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fachri, Dian Sekar Ayu Azzahwa, Edwin Gunawan, Shinta Novriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Blackspot on National Roads in West Java Province
Road accidents are one of the biggest challenges facing the transportation system and have a significant impact on the safety of road users, which is a problem that requires serious attention, especially in Indonesia, especially in West Java Province with high population density and vehicle volume. Identification of Accident Prone Locations is done based on the number of accidents and the severity of victims, so that it can be used as a basis for planning more effective transportation policies. This research analyzes the distribution of accident-prone locations on the national roads of Java Province using a quantitative approach with secondary data from the West Java Police Traffic Directorate for the period 2022 - 2024. The accident data was identified in accordance with the Guidelines for Handling Traffic Accident Prone Locations (Pd T-09-2004-B), with 133 accident-prone locations. Then it was analyzed using the Accident Equivalent Number (AEK) method to determine the weighting value of the accident location and determine the severity of the accident at each location. To calculate the accident rate limit, calculations are carried out using the Upper Control Limit (UCL) method. Locations with AEK values > UCL values amounted to 48 LRKs spread across national roads, West Java Province. The highest LRK is on Cipularang Toll Road, from KM 97B to KM 88A, located in Sukajaya, Sukatani Sub-district, Indonesia. The analysis identified the 10 highest blackspot locations, which were then presented in the form of a map showing the distribution of accident-prone locations on national roads in West Java Province. Recommendations were also made for handling the highest accident-prone locations according to the most common types of accidents, optimizing the improvement of road markings and traffic signs, and educating and enforcing traffic violations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabilah Rahman, Aldi Ferdian Syah, Mohammad Nauval, Shinta Novriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Bosu Ball Strengthening Exercise on Dynamic Balance Among UniKL RCMP Athletes
Acute ankle sprains are prevalent among athletes and often result in long-term impairment, including chronic ankle instability. Strengthening interventions like Bosu ball exercises may enhance dynamic balance and reduce injury recurrence. This randomized control trial compared the effects of Bosu ball exercises versus general ankle stretching on dynamic balance in 50 UniKL RCMP athletes aged 18–25. Participants were assigned to either an intervention group (Bosu ball exercises) or a control group (general stretching). Both groups trained once weekly for four weeks. The Y Balance Test assessed dynamic balance pre- and post-intervention. The intervention group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05), whereas the control group showed minimal change. In conclusion, Bosu ball exercises are more effective than general stretching in enhancing dynamic balance and should be integrated into athletic training programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Farihah Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agrilink: Design and Evaluation of an IoT-Based Smart Agriculture System for Plant Watering and Humidification
The Smart Water Management for PlantPal: IoT Plant Watering and Monitoring System is an innovative automated solution that helps to maintain an optimal growing environment through real-time monitoring. The work implements IoT technology which integrates ESP32 and ESP8266 microcontrollers with multiple sensors including ultrasonic sensor, soil moisture sensor and DHT22 temperature/humidity sensors. These sensors continuously retrieve important data to assess plant needs. The work consists of two major components, which is the smart water control device assist in control water usage and the mist maker contributes to create an optimum humidity for the plant. Local LCD display will be used to display critical data while web dashboards ensure reliability and user convenience. The testing phase demonstrated the effectiveness of the work, reducing water waste while promoting healthier plant growth. This work offers practical applications particularly for home gardening, small-scale agriculture and urban farming where automation of plant care and efficient water usage are needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Syafiq, Muhamad Hazrin Fahmi Abd Halim, Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Norhanim Fatihah Ahmad, Nur Nisa Humairah Rosdi, Farah Mazlan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Smart Approach to Aquatic Ecosystem Protection: IoT-Based Water Quality Monitoring System (WQMAS)
In an era increasingly threatened by pollution and climate change, water quality is under serious risk. Spatial water quality monitoring and traditional laboratory testing are inadequate to protect aquatic ecosystems. An innovative solution emerges from the Internet of Things (IoT), which enables the Water Quality Monitoring System (WQMAS) to transform traditional water resource monitoring practices. Through advanced sensor technologies, this system obtains real-time critical measurements including ambient temperature (25°C–30°C), water temperature (25°C–30°C), turbidity, pH values, electrical conductivity (500–1000 µS/cm), and dissolved oxygen levels. The system automatically pushes data into an easy-to-use IoT dashboard that allows users to immediately understand and assess data for smart and knowledgeable choices. The system utilizes Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified (PETG) material for durable 3D-printed enclosures that make it affordable and suitable for different fields due to its scalable characteristics and environmental resiliency. The automated system for water quality checks removes manual errors and performs fast and precise checks that manual operations cannot match. The technical capabilities of this solution become part of a sustainability showcase which enables communities to protect aquatic ecosystems while enhancing water resource optimization for creating a more environmentally friendly world. Within the water management industry, the Water Quality Monitoring System operates beyond its status as a tool to serve as a fundamental step towards sustainable development.
Nik Nor Muhammad Saifudin Nik Mohd Kamal
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Nik Nor Muhammad Saifudin Nik Mohd Kamal, Amir ‘Aatieff Amir Hussin, Muhammad Irfan Zaki Mohd Razali, Normawaty Mohammad-Noor, Roziawati Mohd Razali, Muhd Farouk Harman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In-silico Assessment of Radiation Shielding Effectiveness of Some Materials used in Interior Building Decorations
The increasing trend in the use of decorative building materials for aesthetically pleasing purposes while neglecting the shielding effectiveness of these materials against penetrative radiation is a cause of concern radiologically. It is in view of this, that the present study investigates the radiation shielding properties of concrete, gypsum, glass and ceramic tile in order to intimate the end users of the radiological safety of these materials as regard interior building decorations. The linear- and mass-attenuation coefficient (LAC, MAC), half- and tenth-value layers (HVL, TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff), and electron density (Neff) of the selected building materials were calculated for photon energies in the range between 0.05 to 1.408 MeV. The results obtained revealed that gypsum has the highest MAC and LAC values at low energies and slightly higher than other materials at high energies. The HVL, TVL, MFP and Zeff of the studied materials showed that ceramic tiles have the greater value than that of other materials with gypsum having the least. Thus, while concerted effort are being made towards achieving atheistically pleasing interior building decorations, the end users are hereby safe radiologically as these materials are effective in shielding against penetrative radiation.
Copyright (c) 2025 P. S. Ayanlola, M. K. Lawal, O. I. Agbelusi, G. A. Isola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Machine Learning Techniques for the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that poses a significant global health challenge. Early and accurate detection is crucial for timely intervention and for the development of new therapies. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing the complex, high-dimensional data associated with AD. This systematic review was conducted by searching major academic databases for peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025. We identified studies that applied ML models to neuroimaging data for the early detection of AD. Information on ML models, datasets, and performance metrics was extracted and synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. A range of ML models are employed, from traditional supervised learning algorithms like Support Vector Machines (SVM) to more advanced ensemble (e.g., Random Forest) and deep learning methods (e.g., CNNs). Studies consistently show that ensemble and deep learning models achieve high performance (>90% accuracy in many cases), particularly in multiclass classification. However, the field faces persistent challenges, including severe class imbalance in common datasets, issues of data quality and anomalies, and the "black box" nature of complex models, which limits their interpretability and clinical trust. ML models show immense promise for the early and accurate detection of AD. However, for these tools to be successfully translated into clinical practice, future research must focus on developing robust, generalizable, and interpretable models that can effectively address the challenges of data imbalance and pathological heterogeneity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Al Saeed, N. H. R. Azamin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chemically Reactive Unsteady Flow of Casson Fluid over a Stretching Surface
This study aims to investigate the unsteady flow behaviour of Casson fluid over a stretching surface in the presence of a magnetic field. The effects of magnetic field, Casson parameter and chemical reaction are also accounted for in this model. A Casson non-Newtonian constitutive model is utilized to describe the fluid transport. By employing appropriate similarity transformations, the model equations are reformulated as ordinary differential equations. Then the reduced differential equations are solved numerically using the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting technique along with a sixth-order Runge-Kutta method. The graphical representation illustrates the influence of key physical parameters on flow characteristics. It is indicated that fluid velocity declines with a rise in the unsteadiness parameter and temperature significantly decreases due to this unsteadiness. Moreover, increasing chemical reaction parameter diminishes both velocity and concentration field. Again to validate the accuracy of the developed code, the results are compared with those from earlier research, demonstrating good agreement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Maruf Hasan, M Enamul Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Study of Fresh Water and Sea Water for Cooling System Solar Panel Energy
Solar panels are one of the renewable energy sources that have the most significant potential in the world. However, one of the problems of solar panels is the effect of temperature on their performance so that it requires other alternatives to overcome this problem, one of which is the installation of a cooling system. In the active cooling system that is made, namely using water spray, the purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of the cooling fluid between fresh water (aquades) and sea water. The method used is experimental and data testing. From the results of the study, it was found that the comparison of current and voltage data between fresh water (aquades) and sea water has a characteristic curve shape that is almost the same with a difference in value that is not too significant. The average current value for fresh water and sea water coolers is 0.66 A and 0.63 A. While the average voltage value for fresh water and sea water coolers is 14.55 V and 14.44 V. The total power generated during 6 hours of operation by solar panels with fresh water cooling is 125.81 Watts, while the total power of solar panels with sea water cooling is 119.45. The efficiency obtained is 5.32%. The average value of the temperature of the freshwater and seawater coolers is 39.2ºC and 40ºC. Based on the results of the study, fresh water is highly recommended as a cooling fluid for solar panels with the water spray method. In addition, review the effects of seawater, which will also cause corrosion on solar panel materials. However, seawater can be an option when the installation of solar panels is carried out at sea because of the seawater sources available at the installation location.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rindi Wulandari, M. Riyad Ariwibowo, Taryo, Galieh Ananda, Mohamad Dimas Nur Hakim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Bibliometric Analysis of Development Trends of Digitalization in Tai Chi
As an important part of traditional Chinese martial arts, digital technology has profoundly influenced Tai Chi in recent years. However, there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the application of digitalization in the field of Tai Chi. This study aims to analyze the relevant literature retrieved from 2015 to 2024 in the Web of Science (WOS), SCOPUS, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases through bibliometric methods, and then use VOSviewer software to visualize the publication volume, author cooperation network, and keyword co-occurrence. A total of 112 valid documents were retrieved (5 WOS, 97 Scopus, and 15 CNKI), of which 5 WOS articles were included in the Scopus database. Since 2015, the number of relevant English and Chinese literature has shown a steady upward trend, and the author cooperation network shows the characteristics of team-based English literature and decentralized Chinese literature. Keyword analysis shows that the English literature focuses on technological innovation and empirical research, while the Chinese literature pays more attention to cultural inheritance and teaching practice. This study is the first to conduct a systematic analysis of digital research on Tai Chi, revealing significant differences in research focus between Chinese and English literature, and providing an important reference for future development in this field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhang Hang, Nur-Hasanah Binti Ruslan, Azlina Bt Zid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A 5-year Evaluation Study on Retention Status Among Patients Attending Methadone Replacement Therapy (MRT) In Kuala Selangor District, Malaysia
This retrospective observational cohort study involved patients who received Methadone Replacement Therapy (MRT) in Kuala Selangor from January 2019 to April 2023. It evaluates a 5-year retention rate and factors influencing 1-year retention among 113 MRT patients in Kuala Selangor. Samples were recruited using universal sampling and data were collected using 3 sets of questionnaires; patient’s demographic, Opiate Treatment Index (OTI), and WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-Brief. Results showed a decreasing retention rate over five years (100% to 76.5%). Significant factors included physical health (p=0.009, OR=0.840) and social functioning (p=0.023, OR=0.854). Distance, education, employment, and marital status were found to be not significant. In conclusion, improving patient insights regarding their health conditions and social support are critical for continuity in care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Athirah Baharuddin, Farhani Samat , Nur Sakinah Yusof, Siti Zulaikha Samsudin, Norsharima Ahmad Jamil, Nur Athirah Rosli, Faridah Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fast Detection of White Pepper Adulteration using FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics
White pepper is a significant spice in Indonesia; however, powdered white pepper is vulnerable to adulteration, particularly with ingredients such as mung bean flour. Consequently, there is a need for a reliable analytical method to ascertain the authenticity of ground white pepper. This research seeks to establish an approach for authenticating white pepper and detecting the presence of mung bean flour utilizing Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques. The findings indicate that the adulteration patterns of white pepper and its contaminants can be effectively identified using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method and chemometrics. Partial Least Squares (PLS) is a statistical method employed for regression analysis and modelling complex relationships between independent variables (X) and dependent variables (Y). It is one of the primary methods used in chemometrics because of its effectiveness in handling datasets with numerous variables, which is often the case in chemical analysis and spectroscopy. The second derivative FTIR spectrum in the range of 3712-650 cm⁻¹ was identified as the optimal calibration model. The coefficient of determination (R²) for calibration was 0.9535, while for prediction it was 0.9943. Furthermore, the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) was calculated at 4.32, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 1.38. The PLS Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) method also successfully classified pure white pepper samples from those adulterated with various concentrations of mung bean flour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuli Perwita Sari, Anggita Rosiana Putri, Irnawati, Siti Tamaroh Cahyono Murti, Agus Setiyoko, Tri Esti Purbaningtias https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Car Number Plate Recognition Scheme Using Morphology and Backpropagation Neural Network
Car Number Plate Recognition (CNPR) is a term for automatic recognition of vehicle license plates. It is compatible with future projected transportation systems and has acquired considerable notice for its broad implementation domain in traffic departments, law execution, and security systems. The main target of CNPR systems is to extract characters from vehicle license plate images precisely. However, the type of number plate, the font style, color, and font size of the plate, as well as the location of the number plate and environmental elements like brightness, and weather, are key challenges to detecting and identifying license plates. This paper discusses a novel CNPR scheme evolution that combines a segmentation method using mathematical morphology with a backpropagation neural network scheme as an accurate recognition solution to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, this paper contributes to segmenting the car number plate stage by using a 2D entropy function for the binarization image of the pre-processing method, which is proposed for their role in improving the overall performance of the CNPR scheme, in addition to image resizing and noise reduction. In addition, the effect of dataset size on the training and testing phases of the CNPR scheme is discussed. The proposed scheme displays the best accuracy score of 97.5% when utilising the entire dataset and 98.8% when using only half of the dataset.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inass Shahadha Hussein, Noor Abbood Jasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Burner Head Geometry on the Thermal Efficiency of LPG Cooking Stoves
This looks at investigates the have an effect on of burner head geometry on the thermal efficiency, gas consumption, and emission levels of LPG cooking stoves, offering critical insights into how design optimization can enhance stove overall performance. Three burner head designs circular, star-shaped, and multi-port experimentally examined and evaluated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The multi-port burner tested the best thermal efficiency at 58%, accompanied by means of the superstar-fashioned burner at 54%, and the round burner at 50%. Additionally, the multi-port burner consumed the least fuel, the usage of simplest 45 grams of LPG, in comparison to 48 grams for the famous person-formed and 52 grams for the round burner. Emission evaluation revealed that the multi-port burner had the lowest emissions, producing 160 ppm of CO and 35 ppm of NOx, at the same time as the circular burner exhibited the best emissions, with 220 ppm of CO and 45 ppm of NOx. The big name-shaped burner done fairly, emitting a 180 ppm of CO and 38 ppm of NOx. The improved heat distribution and more efficient air-fuel mixing provided by the multi-port geometry were identified as the primary reasons for its superior performance. These findings spotlight the ability for geometric innovation in burner design to improve the efficiency and environmental effect of LPG stoves, making them extra sustainable and fee-effective. This take a look at gives treasured recommendations for range producers and policymakers aiming to decorate power performance and reduce emissions in home cooking technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Israa Jafar, Jameel Al-Naffakh, Mohammed R. Al-Qassab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0