Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology
The Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (MJSAT), e-ISSN: 2785-8901 is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes high-quality research papers in various fields of science and technology. The journal is dedicated to promoting the advancement of science and technology in Malaysia, the region, and globally by providing a platform for researchers to share their latest findings and developments. The journal welcomes submissions from all areas of science and technology, including but not limited to engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. The journal is committed to promoting high-quality research and providing a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, and practitioners in the field. The journal is also committed to fostering collaboration and networking among researchers from different fields and promoting the exchange of ideas and knowledge. The journal is peer-reviewed and publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications. The journal also features special issues and sections on specific topics of interest. The editorial board is composed of experts from various fields, ensuring that the journal maintains a high standard of quality. The journal also encourages submissions from early career researchers and graduate students, providing them with the opportunity to showcase their work and gain visibility in the scientific community. Editor-in-Chief: Mohammed Reyasudin Basir Khan, Ph.D., CEng, EUR ING, PEng, PTech
Correlation and ANOVA-Based Validation of IoT-Derived Motion Metrics in Post-Stroke Hand Rehabilitation
Reliance on intermittent and subjective clinical assessment in stroke rehabilitation has remained a persistent weakness with limited information on daily recovery progress and it has impeded access to patients in the remote or underserved regions. To overcome this, the paper proposes RIoTv2, which is a system that can monitor motor activity in an objective and continuous manner. The vision-based system employed in the solution is that of MediaPipe Pose to extract 4D skeletal arm motion values using regular webcam when doing important key hand rehabilitation exercises, including Hand Strengthening and Hand Opposition. The algorithmic method of kinematic measurements (velocity, smoothness, range of motion, repetition accuracy) was conducted in a quasi-experimental study of 200 post-stroke patients. These RIoTv2 measurements were correlated with and compared to Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Barthel Index (BI) scores under different degrees of impairment with the help of correlation analysis and ANOVA. This system was seen to be accurate in most cases (largely over 75 percent), which corresponds to pragmatic clinical limits (the error rate is often not far below 25 to 30 percent) with normalized kinematic errors of about 7 to 20 percent and FMA thresholds of remote monitoring literature. The RIoTv2 system is an efficient device that can be used as a remote-monitoring platform offering healthcare providers with objective and real-time information to use in personalized therapy and intervention. The critical social repercussion comprises the development of health equity by providing cost-effective and administrable technology to break geographic and economic boundaries, improving patient agency amid home-based care, and improving a more transparent and data-based paradigm on the care of post-stroke patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Sariful Islam, Dr Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Ainul Hani Binti Mohd Manoj, Siti Maisarah Binti Abdul Aziz, Siti Aishah Binti Abdul Aziz, Nurul Farah Hanim Muhamad Nasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance Evaluation of Esters Extracted from Waste Cooking Palm Oil on the Rheology, Filtration and Mud Cake Properties of Water Based Drilling Mud
The synthesis of high-purity biodegradable esters from Waste Cooking Palm Oil (WCPO) represents a transformative shift toward sustainable drilling operations. By utilizing acid-catalyzed transesterification, this research successfully converts a low-value waste stream into a functional chemical additive capable of enhancing Water-Based Mud (WBM) performance. A critical aspect of this innovation is the achieved chemical purity of 98.8%, which ensures the bioester remains stable under high-shear environments. While commercial ester benchmarks at 4% concentration resulted in 15 mL fluid loss, the synthesized WCPO ester achieved a 61.5% improvement in fluid loss compared to the base mud, reducing loss to 10 mL and forming an ultra-thin 2/32-inch mudcake. Furthermore, rheological analysis confirmed that the ester stabilizes the Yield Point (YP) and Plastic Viscosity (PV) within operational limits, maintaining a predictable density range (7.7 to 8.5 ppg) compared to the erratic fluctuations observed in commercial alternatives. Although current results validate performance under Low-Pressure Low-Temperature (LPLT) conditions, this work establishes a foundation for future High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) thermal stability validation. Therefore, this study demonstrates a viable waste-to-value pathway that supports the Malaysian circular economy and local SME scalability by providing a low-energy (65°C), cost-effective alternative to synthetic lubricants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Emre Bin Mohd Nazran, Norida Binti Ridzuan, Mohd Shahrul Azuar Bin Mat Roseh, Awang Harun Alrashid Bin Hamzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
VIBRI-SAFE: Quantification of Motorcycle Rider Whole-Body Vibration Exposure Using a Low-Cost IoT Monitoring System with ISO 2631-1 Normalization
Motorcycle riders are continuously exposed to mechanical vibrations from engines and uneven roads, which can lead to long-term musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affecting the spine, shoulders, and limbs. Current safety systems focus on accident prevention, while chronic vibration exposure remains largely unaddressed. This study presents VIBRI-SAFE, a low-cost vibration monitoring system using an Arduino Uno MPU6050 with multi-axis sensors to capture real-time vibration intensity and rider posture stability. Weighted Root Mean Squared (RMS), Vibration Dosage Value (VDV), and Static compression dose (Sed) for the spine were calculated and normalized to an 8-hour ISO reference period, which allowed short rides to be compared with long-term occupational thresholds. Results indicate higher vibrations in motorcycles with older suspensions and prolonged exposures, with RMS variability reflecting mechanical instability. VIBRI-SAFE shifts motorcycle safety from reactive crash protection to proactive physiological monitoring through combining IoT and ergonomic principles. Its affordability and diagnostic potential support integrating human health analytics into sustainable mobility.
Abeykoon Mudiyanselage Akila Thenuka Abeykoon
Copyright (c) 2026 Abeykoon Mudiyanselage Akila Thenuka Abeykoon, Khairul Rizuan Suliman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reliability And Cost Integration Using Trade-Space Exploration for Satellite Anomalies
A satellite is an important component in supplying crucial services such as communications, navigation, and earth observation, which profoundly rely on satellite reliability. Satellite reliability is described as the possibility that a satellite system is operational in stated environments, confirming the satellite operates efficiently and continuously without service disruptions. The effect of satellite anomalies as a major reason for satellite failures, cost, and incompetence of satellite systems has been emphasized in the previous research. But these works generally lack a thorough reliability analysis using constructed mathematical models. Thus, this work fills the gap by working on 87 satellite reliability data points and 42 cost data points from Seradata database using trade-space exploration (TSE). The work was done by considering parametric models (Weibull, Exponential, and Poisson) and non-parametric models (Kaplan-Meier and Monte Carlo Simulation) for reliability. Meanwhile, for cost, we employed parametric models (Weibull, Exponential, and Poisson). The results from both reliability and cost show that the Exponential model proves the best model in terms of performance, with the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values for all communication subsystems and the lowest RMSE and RRMSE for one variable (considered cost only) and two-variable (considered cost and design life). Integrating both reliability and cost models shows a good deployment in an engineering decision-support system (DSS).
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadirah Abdul Rahim, Muhamad Imran Haris Ahmad Mahmood, Muhammad Aryss Zafran Shahrul Ariffin, Abdul Mutholib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Wearable Optical Fiber Sensors Integrated with Machine Learning Monitoring for Rehabilitation Gait Analysis
A wearable optical fiber sensor system integrated with machine learning is developed to support rehabilitation gait analysis. Human gait monitoring plays a crucial role in evaluating the recovery progress of individuals with lower limb injuries or neurological disorders. Conventional gait analysis methods are often expensive, non-portable, and reliant on expert interpretation, which limits their practicality for continuous use. To overcome these challenges, a flexible insole embedded with six fiber optic pressure sensors is designed to capture plantar pressure data during walking. The collected data is wirelessly transmitted to a MATLAB interface, where it is processed and analysed using a decision tree classifier to identify gait phases and detect abnormalities. The output is visualized through graphical representations and classification trends, enabling clinicians to monitor and interpret patient progress effectively. This system enables the assessment of gait patterns in both healthy individuals and those undergoing rehabilitation. Expected outcomes include a cost-effective, portable, and intelligent solution capable of distinguishing between normal and abnormal gait patterns, identifying stages of rehabilitation, and offering interpretable feedback for improved clinical decision-making. The approach aims to advance non-invasive, automated, and personalized rehabilitation monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Nadiah Mazlan, Wan Suhaimizan Wan Zaki, Ariffuddin Joret, Ashok Vajravelu, Muhammad Mahadi Abdul Jamil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A New Single-Switch Bridgeless PFC Dual-Output-Polarities Converter with Series-Line-Diode-Clamped Configuration for Elimination Circulating Current and Capacitive Coupling Loop
This paper presents a new single-switch bridgeless PFC Dual-Output-Polarities (SSBPFC DOP) converter with a Series-Line-Diode-Clamped (SLDC) configuration, designed to eliminate circulating currents and capacitive coupling loops. The proposed topology addresses critical drawbacks in existing designs, including circulating currents, high maximum current stress on input capacitors and line diodes, and capacitive coupling loops. To overcome these issues, the line diodes are repositioned in series with the input inductors. The converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to achieve a near-unity power factor. The paper thoroughly explains the operational principles and design considerations of the new structure. It also discusses the transition from a two-switch to a single-switch design for both shared and non-shared operation modes. Detailed analyses of circulating current, maximum current stress, and capacitive coupling loop mechanisms are provided. Simulation results demonstrate the complete elimination of circulating currents and capacitive coupling loops, with maximum current stress on input capacitors and line diodes reduced from 13.91 A to 7.6 A.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Kamil Romai Noor, Asmarashid Ponniran, Afarulrazi Abu Bakar, Mohd Amirul Naim Kasiran, Mohd Hafizie Yatim, Mohd Nasri Abd Samat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Charge Existence on Electric Field Distribution in String Insulator
The charge existence at any region of insulator sting will distort the original electric field distribution and may result in the enhancement of local electric fields to the highest level over a long period of time. This situation would then lead to the occurrence of partial discharge and further cause premature failure of insulating material due to degradation process which can lead to electrical breakdowns and electrostatic discharges. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of charge existence on the electric field distribution along glass insulator string. The measurement of charge distribution was experimentally collected using charge sensors to be applied in the simulation modelling. Finite element software was also adopted in this paper to assess the effect of charge existence on electric field distribution. It is found that the charge distribution is successfully collected with negative charge distribution pattern is obtained. It is proven that the value of charge collected in the experimental works indeed affects the distribution of electric field when the insulator is injected with that value. Also, it was found that the negative charge has more impact toward the electric field distribution compared with positive charge. The findings suggest that the existence of charge on the surface of insulator is certainly affect the local distribution which after a long period of time may affect the high voltage insulation performance and finally may threaten the reliability of power system network.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Adha Shamira Salleh, Nordiana Azlin Othman, Muhammad Syazani Abid Sani, Md Aris Nor Asyidi Md Nadzir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Solar Panel Efficiency via MPPT with CUK Converter
This project focuses on improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems through the development of a CUK converter integrated with the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. This is because the increasing global emphasis on renewable energy has caused the reliability and efficiency of solar energy systems to become increasingly important. Although conventional boost converters used in PV systems have shown good performance, they still fail to achieve optimal power extraction under varying irradiance conditions. This failure has also been the main cause of interrupted input current and even increases the voltage stress on the switch. Therefore, the use of a CUK converter has been introduced in this project to address the limitations that have been encountered by providing a smoother output and reducing the ripple effect. In the implementation of this project, the main objective is to increase the input current generation and energy efficiency by 2-5% across different irradiance conditions while minimizing the voltage stress on the converter components. Therefore, a systematic flow chart has been developed to ensure the smooth implementation of this project by identifying critical areas that require more attention. The implementation of this project also outlines a comprehensive methodology that includes a detailed literature review to identify gaps between knowledge followed by design and simulation for CUK converters using advanced software tools such as MATLAB Simulink and Proteus 8 Professional.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jabbar Al-Fattah Yahaya, Nur Atiqah Adilah Binti Kamarozaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Pretreatment on the Profiling of Cassava Peels by Morphological and Chemical Characterization
Cassava is mainly grown for its root, whereas the peels are mostly considered a byproduct. Cassava peels, a byproduct of cassava processing, have gained significant attention in recent years as a potential feedstock and other bioproduct. This study investigated the impact of pretreatment on the lignocellulose content, functional groups, morphological characteristics (SEM), chemical composition (XRF), and crystalline phases (XRD) of dried and autoclaved cassava peels. The Chemical analysis showed cellulose content increased from 42.80% to 45.51%, hemicellulose decreased from 25.33% to 19.66%, and lignin content decreased from 15.33% to 10.33% after autoclaving. The autoclaved cassava peels µXRF results also revealed the presence of high iron (Fe) and potassium, as well as traces of manganese at 0.52%, and an amorphous and semi-crystalline structure. Although the SEM images showed no morphological difference between the dried and autoclaved cassava peels. The Brunauer Emmette Teller (BET) analysis indicated a higher surface area of 2.713 m²/g for autoclaved cassava compared to 2.097 m²/g for dried cassava peels. Thermal pretreatment via the autoclave method improved the structural properties and increased the degradable cellulose content of cassava peels. Thus, the cassava peels can be biotechnologically converted into value-added products to maximize effective utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Ibrahim Jumare, Madihah Md. Salleh, Nurashikin Ihsan, Huszalina Hussin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Applications of the Chaos Approach on Transportation Systems – A Review
Chaos theory offers a robust analytical lens for interpreting the nonlinear and dynamic nature of transportation systems, particularly in relation to congestion management and incident propagation. This review consolidates global applications of chaos theory in traffic studies by examining its integration with classical mathematical models, machine learning techniques, and sensitivity analyses of complex traffic datasets. The methodology synthesizes findings from studies conducted in the United States, Slovenia, Germany, Iran, and China. For example, several studies reported prediction accuracy improvements of up to 15–25% when Lyapunov exponent-based features were combined with machine learning models. Chaos-based simulations also demonstrated a 30% reduction in noise sensitivity compared to conventional approaches, with observed Lyapunov exponents typically ranging from 0.1 to 0.5, indicating pronounced chaotic behaviour in short-term traffic dynamics. Despite these promising outcomes, practical challenges persist, particularly in embedding chaos-based models into real-time Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), due to noise interference and infrastructure constraints. The novelty of this paper lies in bridging theoretical foundations with empirical case studies to propose a conceptual framework for integrating chaos theory into real-time traffic forecasting systems, thereby offering actionable insights for adaptive, data-driven urban mobility management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yessy Yusnita, Nur Hamiza Adenan, Angelalia Roza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Strategies in the Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Integrating SGLT2 Inhibitors, Lifestyle Interventions, and Multidisciplinary Care
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by heart failure symptoms despite a left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, representing about 50% of all heart failure cases. Its increasing prevalence, driven by an aging population and comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, poses significant challenges due to frequent hospitalizations, impaired quality of life, and high mortality rates. The pathophysiology of HFpEF is multifactorial, involving systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and increased ventricular stiffness, indicating a systemic syndrome requiring a multidisciplinary treatment approach. While current guidelines emphasize symptom relief, comorbidity management, and lifestyle changes, the emergence of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors has revolutionized HFpEF management. Large randomized controlled trials like EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER have demonstrated their ability to significantly reduce heart failure hospitalizations and improve quality of life. Additionally, structured exercise training, dietary modifications, and behavioral support have shown benefits in enhancing functional capacity and overall well-being. Multidisciplinary care models involving collaboration among various healthcare professionals have the potential to optimize patient-centered care and improve outcomes. However, challenges persist, including the heterogeneity of HFpEF phenotypes, underrepresentation of high-risk populations in trials, and inconsistent implementation of lifestyle and multidisciplinary interventions. Future directions should focus on personalized treatment strategies guided by deep phenotyping and biomarkers, equitable access to care, and the integration of pharmacological therapies with scalable lifestyle interventions and technology-enabled monitoring systems. Addressing these issues will be crucial in alleviating the global burden of HFpEF and improving patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Shoukat, Mehvish Ambreen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Environmental Sanitation Practices in Slum Area: The Makoko Experience
The study assessed environmental sanitation practices in Makoko, Lagos Nigeria. Using multistage sampling techniques, four (4) communities were randomly selected with two (2) along waterways and two (2) off waterways in the study area. Questionnaires were administered on 121 residents in the study area comprising of 60 and 61 respondents sampled in communities along waterway and off waterway respectively. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Based on the findings, the study revealed a significant difference in the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents residing in both communities along waterway and off waterway within Makoko. Also, there is inadequate environmental sanitation facilities in off water ways communities with 67.8% indicating that whereas there is an improvement along water ways communities. Majority (40.4%) of the residents make use of illegal dumpsite as their means of waste disposal due to the fact that they lack access to government’s owned waste disposal method. In all, environmental sanitation practices are at low ebb especially in off water ways communities. The study therefore recommended that government should provide adequate environmental sanitation facilities especially water supply and waste disposal. This is because availability to environmental sanitation facilities which will enhance environmental sanitation practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Mobolaji, Peter Oyelere, Oluwole Daramola, Ololade Ojo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AgriCool: A Smart and Affordable Cold Storage Controller for Agricultural Use
Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables at the farmers level is a big concern. With the rising demand for fresh produce, effective cold storage is crucial to minimize post-harvest losses, maintain product quality, and ensure a better return. AgriCool, an affordable IoT-based cold storage controller is designed to address the challenges faced by the farmers in Bangladesh. AgriCool integrates IoT-enabled sensors with a standard split air conditioner (AC) to monitor and control temperature, humidity, in real-time, accessible via a mobile application (Android application). The system leverages a Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller, digital temperature sensors, and a relay-driven heater mechanism to maintain optimal storage conditions while preventing ice accumulation on AC fins. AgriCool’s simple design with flawless algorithm, enhanced with display and android application ensures easy operation and consistent temperature control. Field testing of the system in Bangladesh revealed that AgriCool can sustain stable temperatures ranging from -2 to +15oC, improving the shelf-life of perishable goods. At an estimated cost of USD 290, this affordable cold room controller system could offer substantial benefits for farmers, providing reliable cold storage and flexibility to store fruits and vegetables for better market conditions and thus preventing post-harvest loss and ensuring food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Surajit Sarkar, Joy Biswas, Sahabuddin Ahamed, Chayan Kumer Saha, Md. Monjurul Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Recent Advances in SILAR-deposited Metal Sulfide Films
Many researchers have reported physical, and chemical deposited thin films. Nevertheless, the deposition methods had a strong effect on the properties of the produced films. SILAR method has been used to produce different thin films for various studies over the years. Alternative deposition methods have attracted extensive attention while this approach has several advantages. Seemingly, high area deposition could succeed at low temperatures, with standard inexpensive equipment, without the requirement of a vacuum chamber and some unique films properties could be controlled. The SILAR process usually includes four stages; adsorption, a wash, reaction and second wash were performed to rinse off unreacted species. SILAR method was used to deposit a thin film of metal sulfides on substrates in this study. The primary outcomes are the characterization of the films and their application after finishing. It was observed that the number of deposition cycles, rinsing time, immersion duration and precursor concentration affected the crystallinity, grain size, film thicknesses and surface morphologies of the deposited films. Furthermore, the results confirmed these films for solar cells, sensors and supercapacitors applications. The power conversion efficiency also improved of Cu2SnS3 about 0.11% and copper zinc tin sulfide were found to be 0.396%, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ho Soonmin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of a Modular Solar-Powered Cooling System Integrated with a DC-Remote Monitoring and Control System for Fruits and Vegetables Storage
This study examines the applicability of solar energy for cooling in the tropical climate and focuses on the performance assessment of a modular solar-powered cooling system (MSPCS), integrated with a DC-Remote monitoring and control (RMC) system, installed on a 10 m³ cooling chamber for the storage of fruits and vegetables. The RMC capability to stabilise the MSPCS operation was assessed through real-time monitoring and control of system parameters, including temperature and relative humidity, water chiller temperature, and DC voltage utilisation by the components. This was achieved by connecting sensors for monitoring via an internet-enabled data box linked to a PC dashboard. The system cooling performance was assessed by measuring chamber temperature, humidity, voltage consumption and weight loss of the stored produce. The results demonstrated effective tracking/control of the system parameters and enhanced activation of components to stabilize the operation of the entire cooling system at temperature of (8.40 ±0.455a °C), relative humidity of (88.91 ±1.571 %) inside the cooling chamber, the water chiller temperature at (2.75 ±1.25 °C) and system voltage (25.61±0.033 V) at no-load and loading conditions. The integration of the DC-RMC system significantly enhanced both the cooling chamber's thermal performance and the overall voltage efficiency of the system, resulting in 20% physiological weight loss and a delay in ripening by 10 days for stored tomatoes in the solar cold room as against 75 % and 7 days, respectively from the ambient over 14 days. of storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adebayo Adebiyi, Musiliu Sunmonu, Michael Odewole, Michael Omodara, Engineer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Charge Acceptance of Lead Acid Battery Using Graphene-Infused Grid
This paper presents a solution to improve the charge acceptance rate, enhancing life cycle and improving efficiency of lead acid battery by making lead Graphene composite for positive grid. This study introduced varying amounts of Graphene by powder metallurgy techniques into lead using powder metallurgy techniques, with lead serving as the as the grid material. An allotropic form of carbon, Graphene possesses superconductive qualities and primarily prevents corrosion and lowers the resistance between sulphuric acid and spongy lead. It does not take part in the process. This study follows an experimental approach to achieve the aim of improvement in the lead acid battery. A series of composites specimens were fabricated in different composition. A series of tests performed, include Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Microstructure, Electrical Resistivity, Electrical Conductivity, Charge Potential, Impedance Spectroscopy, Corrosion, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results revealed that the sample with 1.5% graphene exhibited optimal performance. Compared to pure lead grids, electrical conductivity improved by 13.3%, and electrical resistance decreased significantly. Corrosion analysis showed a notable reduction in corrosion rate, particularly in the 1.5% graphene sample, due to uniform granular bonding observed in SEM images. CV curves of this sample also demonstrated enhanced redox behaviour and current density, indicating better charge retention. This study analyses the results and compares those results with the spongy lead results which are being used in normal lead acid batteries as positive grid. In this study, it is noted that notable improvements in the lead acid battery were achieved by using the lead Graphene composite.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shoukat Ali Noonari, Sagheer Ahmed lund, Maria Panhwar, Tanweer Hussain Phulpoto, Amna Hafeez Rajput, Aftab Ahmed Khuhro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Exponentiated Generalized Reduced Kies Distribution with Properties and Applications on Burr Measurement Datasets
This study introduces and examines a new three-parameter generalized extension of the Reduced Kies distribution, termed the Exponentiated Generalized Reduced Kies Distribution (EGRKiD). Various statistical and mathematical properties of the proposed model are derived, including its quantile function, median, order statistics, skewness, and kurtosis. In addition, key reliability characteristics such as the survival and hazard rate functions are explored. Parameter estimation is performed using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and maximum product spacing (MPS), with simulations showing that MLE consistently outperforms MPS, exhibiting up to 40% lower bias and 35% lower mean squared error particularly for samples less than 100. Lastly, the applicability and flexibility of the new distribution are demonstrated through its application to two real burr measurement datasets, where it outperforms eight established unit-bounded distributions. The results show that the EGRKiD provides a superior fit, reducing the AIC by 12-18% and the BIC by 10-15% compared to the next best model. Several goodness-of-fit tests further confirm its advantage, with the EGRKiD yielding KS statistics 50-60% smaller and p-values 3-5 times higher than competing models. These findings highlight the EGRKiD’s flexibility and robustness, making it a valuable tool for applications in engineering and other related fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ehinomen Emmanuel Ehizojie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Designing an Off-Grid System Using Solar Panels and Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) for Renewable Energy Applications
The limited availability of stable electricity in remote regions underscores the necessity for resilient alternative energy systems. This study evaluates the efficiency and performance of a hybrid off-grid system integrating a solar photovoltaic panel with six thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Over a five-day experimental period, voltage, current, and power outputs were measured under load conditions ranging from 10 W to 50 W. The results indicate that a 12 V 8 Ah (96 Wh) battery maintains a 10 W load for approximately 9.6 hours. The hybrid configuration generated a total output of 19–21 V and 120–130 W, with the solar panel contributing 70% and the TEGs providing 30% of the total power. The system demonstrated voltage stability and a complementary operational synergy, ensuring a continuous energy supply during periods of low solar irradiance. These findings validate the solar–TEG hybrid system as a reliable and efficient renewable energy solution for off-grid applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizqi Maulana Ibrahim, Feri Hasan, Nur Hidayahtulloh, Muhamad Riyad Ariwibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Different Number of Coating for Anode Functional Layer on the Performance of Proton Ceramic Fuel Cell
The effect of different numbers of anode functional layers (AFL) on the performance of an anode-supported proton ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) was investigated. Button cells of NiO-BCZY (50:50) | BCZY | LSCF (BCZY = BaCe₀.₅₄Zr₀.₃₆Y₀.₁O₂.₉₅) were fabricated with 3, 6, and 9 layers of AFL consisting of NiO-BCZY (10:90). Microstructural images clearly show that the button cell with 3 AFL layers exhibits better contact between the anode and electrolyte layers. Both the polarization resistance (RP) and ohmic resistance (Ro) of cell A (3 layers) were lower than those of cell B (6 layers) and cell C (9 layers). At 800°C, the RP decreased from 79.6 Ωcm² for cell C (9 layers) to 19.3 Ωcm² for cell A (3 layers). Similarly, the RP for cell B (6 layers) decreased from 11.2 Ωcm² to 9.2 Ωcm² for cell A. These results suggest that increasing the number of AFLs may reduce cell performance by hindering hydrogen ion diffusion, as the ions must travel a longer pathway, leading to higher polarization resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 L. A Malik , A. A. Samat, N. Osman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of Non Parametric and Semi-Parametric Models on Survival Time of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Case Study of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria
This study examines the survival times of cardiovascular patients using Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves and the Cox Proportional Hazards model. Analysis of data from Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, revealed shorter survival times among male patients and those consuming alcohol or smoking. KM curves and Log-rank tests identified significant risk factors such as high blood pressure and irregular pulse rates. Cox model hazard ratios highlighted alcohol consumption as the highest risk factor. These findings demonstrate the utility of non-parametric and semi-parametric models in identifying survival determinants among cardiovascular patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Enoch Yabkwa Yanshak, Aliyu Yakubu, Kolawole Daramola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preliminary Investigation of Unsaturated Polyester/Jute Fibre (UPE/JT) Composites: Effects of Fabrication Methods and Fibre Orientations
This study focuses on the development of unsaturated polyester (UPE)/ jute fibre (JT) composites using two fabrication methods such as vacuum resin infusion and compression moulding. The effects of different JT fibre orientations (randomly oriented, 0°, and 90°) on UPE composite properties were investigated. The results indicate that UPE/JT composites fabricated via vacuum resin infusion exhibit higher tensile strength, elongation, and Young’s modulus compared to those produced by compression moulding. In terms of fibre orientation, 0° oriented UPE/JT composites produced via vacuum resin infusion showed the highest tensile strength (92.4 MPa), elongation at break (12.3%), and Young’s modulus (3654 MPa) when compared to both randomly oriented and 90° oriented composites, as well as all specimens fabricated through compression moulding. This improvement is attributed to better fibre impregnation achieved through vacuum resin infusion and the load bearing capacity of 0° oriented JT fibres, which effectively transfer stress between the fibre and matrix, enabling joint load-bearing by JT fibre and UPE matrix during the tensile test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kishore Rao A/L Bapu Naidu , Ming Yeng Chan, Seong Chun Koay, Shuh Huey Ho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantum Support Vector Machines for Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Multimodal Brain Imaging
The prompt detection of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Parkinson's Disease (PD) is essential yet difficult. This research proposes a hybrid quantum-classical machine learning methodology to categorize NDD using multimodal brain imaging data.ADNI and PPMI datasets' MRI, PET, and fMRI images were preprocessing by Python-based tools such as Scikit-image, SimpleITK, and FreeSurfer via Nipype. Major steps were denoising, registration, normalization, segmentation, and extraction of features from structural and functional imaging. Training was done with a Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) using Qiskit's ZZFeatureMap and QuantumKernel and compared with a conventional SVM. Performance measures-precision, recall, F1-score, class accuracy, AUC, and 10-fold cross-validation-were calculated. QSVM performed better than the standard SVM on all metrics, with 91.25% overall accuracy and macro F1-score of 0.913 as opposed to 87.75% and 0.879 for the SVM. The results validate QSVM's advantage in handling complex, high-dimensional neuroimaging data and its relevance to aiding clinical diagnosis. Keywords: Quantum Machine Learning, Neuroimaging, QSVM, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Multimodal Classification
Copyright (c) 2025 Akinyemi Omololu Akinrotimi, Joseph Bamidele Awotunde, Israel Oluwabusayo Omotosho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Study of Nanoporous Hydroxyapatite Doped with Euphorbia tirucalli L. Extract
This study investigates the characterization, and biomedical potential of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (E.tirucalli L.) extract, focusing on its bioactive compounds, antibacterial properties, and incorporation into hydroxyapatite (HA) for biomedical applications. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed gallic acid as the predominant phenolic compound in the extract (557.9 ± 8.3 mg/g). Antibacterial testing revealed that DHA 25% exhibited the highest inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (7.07 ± 0.41 cm²) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (3.14 ± 0.51 cm²), indicating enhanced antibacterial activity at higher doping concentrations. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that DHA 25% promoted cell proliferation (120.0 ± 5.3% on day 7), confirming its biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that E.tirucalli L. doping affected HA crystallinity, potentially improving bioresorption and osteoconductivity. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful incorporation of E.tirucalli L. into HA, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) showed increased agglomeration and reduced porosity at higher doping concentrations. The integration of E. tirucalli L. extract into HA introduces natural bioactive compounds, such as gallic acid, that enhance antibacterial, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties beyond conventional inorganic doping approaches. In conclusion, E. tirucalli L.-doped hydroxyapatite demonstrates great potential for applications in bone regeneration and implant technology due to its enhanced antibacterial and biocompatible properties, with the possibility of future exploration for controlled drug release applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mangalagowri Sangar, Nur Farahiyah Mohammad, Nashrul Fazli Mohd Nasir, Khairul Farihan Kasim, Siti Shuhadah Md Saleh, Farah Diana Mohd Daud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comparison of Feasible Energy-Saving Retrofit Alternatives for Office Buildings in Urban Cities
The major portion of the world population lives in cities and consumes around 73% of world total energy. Due to rapid rise in population, improved standard of living, urbanization and major time spend indoor, the energy consumption in buildings has skyrocketed during the past few decades. The primary portion of building's energy consumption is utilized by HVAC system. Energy crisis is worsening day by day, especially in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan. In this research work, a SketchUp model of a single zone building is created, and it is subsequently loaded into the Energy plus program to simulate the model and ascertain the trends in energy use for the chosen cities in various scenarios for five major cities of Pakistan. Without insulation the zone temperature can reach upto 45.2 °C, 49.9 °C, 48.6 °C, 46 °C and 41.7 °C for Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Islamabad and Quetta respectively which is reduced by 22 – 28 % by applying insulation. For Peshawar, Karachi, Quetta and Islamabad highest energy consumption was reported in the month of July, May, July and June respectively. The energy saving is increased by 5 – 26 % by replacing conventional air conditioner with VRF AC without insulation and by 32 – 70 % by applying insulation with VRF AC as compared to VRF AC without insulation. The payback period ranges between 28 – 60, 19 – 42, 16 – 35, 18 – 39 and 21 – 45 months for Quetta, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Islamabad respectively. The longest PBP of 92 months is reported for Quetta at 5% tariff and 60% investment cost increase with VRF air conditioner, while the lowest PBP of 16 months is recorded for Lahore at 15% tariff and 20% investment cost increase with combined installation of insulation and VRF air conditioner.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamza Shaikh, Rizwan Ahmed Memon, Shoukat Ali Noonari, Asad Shaikh, Abdul Hameed`` Soomro, Ali Murad Jokhio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Insulating Materials in Switched Reluctance Machine
Switched Reluctance Machines (SRMs) are increasingly used in industrial and automotive systems due to their simple design, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. Their performance and reliability, however, are strongly affected by thermal behavior, which can limit efficiency and service life. This paper investigates the role of insulating materials in thermal management of SRMs through modelling and numerical simulation. A thermal model was developed to represent heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation, considering the geometry and material properties of the machine. The approach was validated using FEMM 4.2 under steady-state operating conditions. Three cases were examined: without insulation, with polystyrene, and with plaster. The results indicate that the windings experience the highest thermal stress and represent the most critical region of heat accumulation. Introducing polystyrene as an insulating material significantly reduces winding and stator temperatures, leading to a more uniform thermal distribution across the machine. In contrast, plaster has little to no effect on the thermal behavior. These findings highlight the key role of insulation in improving heat dissipation and reducing hot spots in SRMs. Optimized thermal design through appropriate material selection can enhance energy efficiency, extend service life, and improve reliability in demanding industrial environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mama Chouitek, Nedjoua Fidouh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Assessment of Flexible Pavement Damage Conditions on Urban Roads in Indonesia
Road infrastructure plays a vital role in supporting social and economic activities. However, deterioration and damage to urban roads remain a persistent issue in Indonesia, including in West Java Province. In Cirebon City, the Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo road segment serves as a key arterial route, facilitating the mobility of people and goods. Due to its high traffic volume and strategic importance, maintaining this road section is crucial for urban functionality and development. This study aims to establish a systematic and objective priority scale for urban road maintenance by integrating the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Surface Distress Index (SDI), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. While PCI and SDI are used to assess the technical condition of the pavement, AHP allows for decision-making based on multiple criteria, including traffic volume and land use. The combination of these three methods provides a more comprehensive and balanced framework for prioritizing repair efforts, aligning technical evaluations with functional and strategic considerations. The analysis revealed varying levels of pavement damage across the study area. Based on the AHP results, the STA 2+300 to 2+400 road segment was identified as the highest priority for intervention due to its critical condition and functional importance. This integrated approach ensures that limited resources can be allocated more effectively to road sections requiring immediate attention, supporting sustainable and data-driven infrastructure management in urban environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fachri, Dian Sekar Ayu Azzahwa, Edwin Gunawan, Shinta Novriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Blackspot on National Roads in West Java Province
Road accidents are one of the biggest challenges facing the transportation system and have a significant impact on the safety of road users, which is a problem that requires serious attention, especially in Indonesia, especially in West Java Province with high population density and vehicle volume. Identification of Accident Prone Locations is done based on the number of accidents and the severity of victims, so that it can be used as a basis for planning more effective transportation policies. This research analyzes the distribution of accident-prone locations on the national roads of Java Province using a quantitative approach with secondary data from the West Java Police Traffic Directorate for the period 2022 - 2024. The accident data was identified in accordance with the Guidelines for Handling Traffic Accident Prone Locations (Pd T-09-2004-B), with 133 accident-prone locations. Then it was analyzed using the Accident Equivalent Number (AEK) method to determine the weighting value of the accident location and determine the severity of the accident at each location. To calculate the accident rate limit, calculations are carried out using the Upper Control Limit (UCL) method. Locations with AEK values > UCL values amounted to 48 LRKs spread across national roads, West Java Province. The highest LRK is on Cipularang Toll Road, from KM 97B to KM 88A, located in Sukajaya, Sukatani Sub-district, Indonesia. The analysis identified the 10 highest blackspot locations, which were then presented in the form of a map showing the distribution of accident-prone locations on national roads in West Java Province. Recommendations were also made for handling the highest accident-prone locations according to the most common types of accidents, optimizing the improvement of road markings and traffic signs, and educating and enforcing traffic violations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabilah Rahman, Aldi Ferdian Syah, Mohammad Nauval, Shinta Novriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Bosu Ball Strengthening Exercise on Dynamic Balance Among UniKL RCMP Athletes
Acute ankle sprains are prevalent among athletes and often result in long-term impairment, including chronic ankle instability. Strengthening interventions like Bosu ball exercises may enhance dynamic balance and reduce injury recurrence. This randomized control trial compared the effects of Bosu ball exercises versus general ankle stretching on dynamic balance in 50 UniKL RCMP athletes aged 18–25. Participants were assigned to either an intervention group (Bosu ball exercises) or a control group (general stretching). Both groups trained once weekly for four weeks. The Y Balance Test assessed dynamic balance pre- and post-intervention. The intervention group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05), whereas the control group showed minimal change. In conclusion, Bosu ball exercises are more effective than general stretching in enhancing dynamic balance and should be integrated into athletic training programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Farihah Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agrilink: Design and Evaluation of an IoT-Based Smart Agriculture System for Plant Watering and Humidification
The Smart Water Management for PlantPal: IoT Plant Watering and Monitoring System is an innovative automated solution that helps to maintain an optimal growing environment through real-time monitoring. The work implements IoT technology which integrates ESP32 and ESP8266 microcontrollers with multiple sensors including ultrasonic sensor, soil moisture sensor and DHT22 temperature/humidity sensors. These sensors continuously retrieve important data to assess plant needs. The work consists of two major components, which is the smart water control device assist in control water usage and the mist maker contributes to create an optimum humidity for the plant. Local LCD display will be used to display critical data while web dashboards ensure reliability and user convenience. The testing phase demonstrated the effectiveness of the work, reducing water waste while promoting healthier plant growth. This work offers practical applications particularly for home gardening, small-scale agriculture and urban farming where automation of plant care and efficient water usage are needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Syafiq, Muhamad Hazrin Fahmi Abd Halim, Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Norhanim Fatihah Ahmad, Nur Nisa Humairah Rosdi, Farah Mazlan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Smart Approach to Aquatic Ecosystem Protection: IoT-Based Water Quality Monitoring System (WQMAS)
In an era increasingly threatened by pollution and climate change, water quality is under serious risk. Spatial water quality monitoring and traditional laboratory testing are inadequate to protect aquatic ecosystems. An innovative solution emerges from the Internet of Things (IoT), which enables the Water Quality Monitoring System (WQMAS) to transform traditional water resource monitoring practices. Through advanced sensor technologies, this system obtains real-time critical measurements including ambient temperature (25°C–30°C), water temperature (25°C–30°C), turbidity, pH values, electrical conductivity (500–1000 µS/cm), and dissolved oxygen levels. The system automatically pushes data into an easy-to-use IoT dashboard that allows users to immediately understand and assess data for smart and knowledgeable choices. The system utilizes Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified (PETG) material for durable 3D-printed enclosures that make it affordable and suitable for different fields due to its scalable characteristics and environmental resiliency. The automated system for water quality checks removes manual errors and performs fast and precise checks that manual operations cannot match. The technical capabilities of this solution become part of a sustainability showcase which enables communities to protect aquatic ecosystems while enhancing water resource optimization for creating a more environmentally friendly world. Within the water management industry, the Water Quality Monitoring System operates beyond its status as a tool to serve as a fundamental step towards sustainable development.
Nik Nor Muhammad Saifudin Nik Mohd Kamal
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Nik Nor Muhammad Saifudin Nik Mohd Kamal, Amir ‘Aatieff Amir Hussin, Muhammad Irfan Zaki Mohd Razali, Normawaty Mohammad-Noor, Roziawati Mohd Razali, Muhd Farouk Harman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0